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A termite nest can be considered as being composed of two components, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is that the structure itself, which can be constructed by the termites. Nests can be broadly divided into three main classes: subterranean (completely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (constructed above ground, but constantly connected to the ground via shelter tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are made out of ground and sand.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of today nest in wooden constructions such as logs, stumps and the dead parts of trees, as did termites millions of years back.184.
To build their nests, termites mostly utilize faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and dirt, used in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not all nests are observable, as many nests in tropical woods are located underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are good examples of subterranean nest contractors, as they only dwell inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds protect the termites' soft bodies against desiccation, light, pathogens and parasites, as well as providing a fortification against predators.188 Nests made from carton are especially weak, and thus the inhabitants utilize counter-attack strategies against invading predators. .
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Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial decay in the gut of their termites: they use their faeces as a carton building substance. Arboreal termites nests can account for up to 2% of above ground carbon storage in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps.
Some species build complex nests called polycalic nests; this habitat is known as polycalism. Polycalic species of termites form multiple nests, or calies, connected with subterranean chambers.107 The termite genera Apicotermes and Trinervitermes are known to have polycalic species.191 Polycalic nests seem to be frequent in visit this site mound-building species but polycalic arboreal nests have been observed in a few species of Nasutitermes.191.
Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites exactly the same protection for a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds located in areas with torrential and continuous rainfall are in danger of mound erosion as a result of their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can offer protection from the rain, and in fact can withstand large precipitation.
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By way of example, Cubitermes colonies construct narrow tunnels used as strong points, since the width of the tunnels is little enough for troops to obstruct.192 A highly protected room, known as the"queens mobile", houses the queen and king and can be used as a last line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably build the most complicated structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the largest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 ft ), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can construct nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 ft ) high and 2.5 metres (8Â ft ) wide.
The sculptured mounds occasionally have elaborate and distinctive forms, such as the ones of their compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds using the long axis oriented approximately northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to assist thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase quickly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun.
Termites construct shelter tubes, also known as earthen tubes or mud tubes, that start from the ground. These shield tubes can be found on walls and other structures.197 Constructed by termites during the night, a time of higher humidity, so these tubes provide protection to termites from potential predators, particularly ants.198 Shelter tubes also provide high humidity and darkness and allow workers to accumulate food sources that cannot be accessed in any other way.197 All these passageways are produced from soil and faeces and are normally brown in colour.
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They range from less than 1Â cm to several cm in diameter, but may extend dozens of yards in length.198.
Owing to their wood-eating habits, many termite species can do significant harm to unprotected buildings and other wooden structures.199 Termites play an important function as decomposers of wood and vegetative material, and the conflict with humans occurs where structures and landscapes containing structural wood components, cellulose derived structural materials and ornamental vegetation provide termites with a reliable supply of food and moisture.200;Their custom of remaining concealed often results in their presence being undetected until the timbers are seriously damaged, leaving a thin layer of a wall that protects them from your environment.201 Of the 3,106 species known, only 183 species cause damage; 83 species cause significant damage go to my site to wooden structures.199 In North America, 18 subterranean species are pests202; in Australia, 16 species possess an economic impact; in the Indian subcontinent 26 species are considered pests, and in tropical Africa, 24.